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‘Dario Amodei of Anthropic’s Hopes and Fears for the Future of A.I. (Hard Fork, New York Times)’ (Kevin Roose and Casey Newton, YouTube, 1 March 2025) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhGUSIvsn_Y>

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De Sanctis, Fausto Martin, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Innovation in Brazilian Justice’ (2021) 59(1) International Annals of Criminology 1 <https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003445221000040/type/journal_article>

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Department of Communities and Justice (NSW),

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Department of Industry, Science and Resources (Cth),

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–​‘Australia Supports Safe AI through New GPAI Declaration’ (Web Page, 29 August 2024) <https://www.industry.gov.au/news/australia-supports-safe-ai-through-new-gpai-declaration>

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–​Safe and Responsible AI in Australia Consultation: Australian Government’s Interim Response (Report, 2024)

–​Safe and Responsible AI in Australia: Discussion Paper (Discussion Paper, June 2023)

–​Safe and Responsible AI in Australia: Proposals Paper for Introducing Mandatory Guardrails for AI in High-Risk Settings (Proposals Paper, September 2024)

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Department of Industry Science and Resources (Cth) and National Artificial Intelligence Centre (NAIC), AI and ESG: An Introductory Guide for ESG Practitioners (Report, October 2024) <https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-10/ai-and-esg-an-introductory-guide-for-esg-practitioners.pdf>

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Department of Premier and Cabinet (Vic),

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–​Administrative Guideline Direction on the Use of DeepSeek Products, Applications and Web Services (No 2025/1, Issue: 1.0, February 2025) <https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-02/Administrative-Guideline-DeepSeek.pdf>

Derkley, Karin, ‘Digital Discovery’ (2024) 98(9) Law Institute Journal 11 <https://www.liv.asn.au/Web/Law_Institute_Journal_and_News/Web/LIJ/Year/2024/09September/Digital_discovery.aspx>

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Digital Transformation Agency (Cth),

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District Courts & County Courts at Law, Wichita County, Texas, Standing Order Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence (Report, 26 March 2024) <https://wichitacountytx.com/download/standing-order-regarding-use-of-artificial-intelligence/>

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European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ),

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–​European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and Their Environment (2019, adopted at the 31st plenary meeting of the CEPEJ, Strasbourg, 3-4 December 2018)

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Federal Court of Australia,

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Federal Court of Canada, Notice to Parties and the Profession – The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Court Proceedings (Notice, 7 May 2024)

Fernández‑Llorca, David et al, ‘An Interdisciplinary Account of the Terminological Choices by EU Policymakers Ahead of the Final Agreement on the AI Act: AI System, General Purpose AI System, Foundation Model, and Generative AI’ [2024] Artificial Intelligence and Law <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09412-y>

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Green, Harriet, ‘Consciousness over Code: How Judicial Review Can Address Algorithmic Decision-Making in Policing’ (2024) 5(8) York Law Review 8

Grimm, Paul W, Maura R Grossman and Gordon V Cormack, ‘Artificial Intelligence as Evidence’ (2021) 19(1) Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property 9

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‘Harvey – Professional Class AI’, Harvey (Web Page, 2025) <https://www.harvey.ai>

Hernandez-Orallo, Jose, ‘Caveats and Solutions for Characterising General-Purpose AI’ in ECAI 2024 (IOS Press, 2024) 2

High Court of Australia, High Court of Australia Australian Privacy Principles (‘APP’) Privacy Policy (Report, 24 July 2025) <https://www.hcourt.gov.au/sites/default/files/resources/2025-07/High%20Court%20of%20Australia%20-%20Privacy%20Policy%20July%202025.pdf>

High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG), Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI: Shaping Europe’s Digital Future (Guidelines, European Commission, 8 April 2019) <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai>

‘Hiroshima AI Process – Friends Group’, Hiroshima AI Process (Web Page, May 2025) <https://www.soumu.go.jp/hiroshimaaiprocess/en/meeting.html>

HM Courts & Tribunals Service, ‘Modernising Courts and Tribunals: Benefits of Digital Services’, GOV.UK (Web Page, 24 March 2025) <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/modernising-courts-and-tribunals-benefits-of-digital-services>

Hoang, Phong Anh, ‘Vietnam: Landmark Law on Digital Technology Industry – New Frameworks for AI & Digital Assets’, DFDL (Web Page, 24 June 2025) <https://www.dfdl.com/insights/legal-and-tax-updates/vietnam-landmark-law-on-digital-technology-industry-new-frameworks-for-ai-digital-assets/>

Homoki, Peter, Guide on the Use of Artificial Intelligence-Based Tools by Lawyers and Law Firms in the EU (Report, Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) and European Lawyers Foundation (ELF), 2022) <https://www.ccbe.eu/fileadmin/speciality_distribution/public/documents/IT_LAW/ITL_Reports_studies/EN_ITL_20220331_Guide-AI4L.pdf>

Hong Kong Judiciary Administration, Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Judges and Judicial Officers and Support Staff of the Hong Kong Judiciary (Guidelines, July 2024)

House of Representatives Standing Committee on Employment, Education and Training, Parliament of Australia, The Future of Work: Inquiry into the Digital Transformation of Workplaces (Final Report, January 2025) <https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Employment_Education_and_Training/~/link.aspx?_id=36683744EBF54AE8A2FA5F42DAFDAB5E&_z=z>

‘How Tiang & Partners Unlocked “Magic” with Harvey for Enhanced Client Service’, Harvey (Web Page) <https://www.harvey.ai/customers/tiang-and-partners>

Hudspeth County Court, Texas, Standing Order Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence (Standing Order, 12 July 2024) <https://topics.txcourts.gov/LocalRulesPublic/PreviewAttachment/1997>

Huggins, Anna, ‘Addressing Disconnection: Automated Decision-Making, Administrative Law and Regulatory Reform’ (2021) 44(3) University of New South Wales Law Journal 1048 <https://corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2021/37.html>

Huggins, Anna, ‘Automated Processes and Administrative Law: The Case of Pintarich’, AusPubLaw: Australian Public Law (Web Page, 14 November 2018) <https://www.auspublaw.org/blog/2018/11/the-case-of-pintarich>

IBM,

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–​What Is an AI Model? (Web Page, 13 September 2023) <https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ai-model>

–​What Is NLP (Natural Language Processing)? (Web Page, 11 August 2024) <https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/natural-language-processing>

‘Interim Principles and Guidelines on the Court’s Use of Artificial Intelligence’, Federal Court of Canada (Guidelines, 20 December 2023) <https://www.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/pages/law-and-practice/artificial-intelligence>

International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

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Integrity and Oversight Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Performance of the Victorian Integrity Agencies 2022/23 (Report, May 2025)

International Bar Association Alternative and New Law Business Structures Committee, Artificial Intelligence Working Group, Guidelines and Regulations to Provide Insights on Public Policies to Ensure Artificial Intelligence’s Beneficial Use as a Professional Tool (Report, International Bar Association, 18 September 2024)

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‘Introducing PNG Judges to Artificial Intelligence Techniques’, Manukau Institute of Technology (Web Page, 25 March 2025) <https://www.manukau.ac.nz/news-stories/introducing-png-judges-to-artificial-intelligence-techniques/>

‘Introduction to Pair Search’, Pair Search (Web Page, 8 August 2024) <https://search-pair.guides.gov.sg>

Inueo, Kensuke and Chika Kamata, ‘Japan’s Emerging Framework for Responsible AI: Legislation, Guidelines and Guidance’, International Bar Association (Web Page, 16 July 2025) <https://www.ibanet.org/japan-emerging-framework-ai-legislation-guidelines>

Judicial College Victoria,

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–​‘AI and the Future of Evidence’ (Web Page, 2 September 2025) <https://judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/events/ai-and-future-evidence>

–​‘AI and the Future of Judging’ (Web Page, 24 September 2025) <https://judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/events/ai-and-future-judging>

–​Charter of Human Rights Bench Book (Online Manual, 1 September 2017) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1049904>

–​’2.4 Courts and tribunals as public authorities’ <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1049904> (3 August 2023)

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–​‘6.18.2 Scope of the right’ <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1049904> (4 January 2023)

–​‘ChatGPT: Being Alert but Not Alarmed’ (Web Page, 24 October 2024) <https://judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/events/chatgpt-being-alert-not-alarmed>

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–​‘1.2.2.1 The paramount duty’ <https://resources. judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1041737>

–​Criminal Proceedings Manual (Online Manual) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053061/section/843511>

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–​Uniform Evidence Manual (Online Manual, 6 May 2025) <https://resources.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/article/1053064>

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Judicial Council of California, Artificial Intelligence Task Force, Judicial Branch Administration: Rule and Standard for Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Court-Related Work (Report to the Judicial Council No 25–109, 16 June 2025) <https://jcc.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=14303119&GUID=0C94642A-28D3-47C0-8AE9-1E4DE3A96DFC>

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Judicial Data Protection Panel, Judicial Data Processing Complaints Handling Policy (Report, Courts and Tribunals Judiciary (UK), 4 June 2023)

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Justice Chua Lee Ming, ‘Technology in the Singapore Courts’ (Speech, 2nd China-ASEAN Justice Forum, Singapore, 8 June 2017)

Justice Connect,

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Justice Jane Needham, ‘AI and the Courts in 2025: Where Are We, and How Did We Get Here?’ (Speech, 2025 Judges Series Hosted by the Commercial Law Association of Australia, NSW State Library, 27 June 2025) <https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-needham/needham-j-20250627>

Justice Perry, ‘Emerging Technologies and International Frameworks’ (Speech, Australian Law Librarians’ Association Conference, Adelaide, 9 August 2024) <https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-perry/perry-j-20240809>

Justice Peter Quinlan, ‘The Impact of Social Media and AI on Public Trust in the Judiciary’ (Speech, Global Summit of Hellenic Lawyers, Athens, Hellas, 9 July 2025) <https://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/Speeches/2025/The%20Impact%20of%20Social%20Media%20and%20AI%20on%20Public%20Trust%20in%20the%20Judiciary.pdf>

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Law Commission of Ontario,

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Law Council of Australia,

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Law Institute Victoria,

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Law Society of New South Wales,

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Law Society of Western Australia,

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–​Submission: Supreme Court of Western Australia – Artificial Intelligence (Submission to Supreme Court of Western Australia’s Consultation on the Court’s Artificial Intelligence Practice Direction Consultation Note, 11 April 2025)

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Legg, Michael,

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Leo Cussen Centre for Law,

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LexisNexis Australia, Practical Guidance AU – Cybersecurity, Data Protection & Privacy (at 15 July 2025) ‘AI terms and phrases for legal professionals’

LexisNexis, Bender’s New York Evidence (online at 25 July 2025) ‘Daubert Standard’ § 140.01

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Lushington, Kaye, ‘Manipur HC Uses ChatGPT: Potential and Challenges of AI as Court’s Assistant’, International Business Times (online, 24 May 2024) <https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manipur-hc-uses-chatgpt-potential-challenges-ai-courts-assistant-868441>

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Madiega, Tambiama, General-Purpose Artificial Intelligence (PE 745.708, European Parliamentary Research Service, March 2023)

‘Maddocks Partners with AI Legal Platform Cicero’, Maddocks (Web Page, 29 January 2025) <https://www.maddocks.com.au/insights/maddocks-partners-with-ai-legal-platform-cicero>

Magesh, Varun et al, ‘Hallucination-Free? Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Tools’ (2025) 22(2) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 216 <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jels.12413>

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Marchant, Gary and Carlos Ignacio Gutierrez, ‘Soft Law 2.0: An Agile and Effective Governance Approach for Artificial Intelligence’ (2023) 24(2) Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology 375 <https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol24/iss2/4>

Maryland Judiciary, Guidelines for the Acceptable Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools and Platforms (Guidelines, 15 April 2024)

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Maxwell, Chris, ‘Preventing Miscarriages of Justice: The Reliability of Forensic Evidence and the Role of the Trial Judge as Gatekeeper’ (2019) 93(8) Australian Law Journal 642

McCay, Allan, Neurotechnology, Law and the Legal Profession (Horizon Report for the Law Society, The Law Society of England and Wales, August 2022) <https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/topics/research/how-will-brain-monitoring-technology-influence-the-practice-of-law>

McDonald, Prue and Hawa Q Mohammad, ‘Google Translate and the Evidence Act 1995 (Cth): Gujic v Arterbury [2024] FedCFamC1A 48’ (2024) 98(11) Australian Law Journal 919

McKay, Carolyn, ‘Predicting Risk in Criminal Procedure: Actuarial Tools, Algorithms, AI and Judicial Decision-Making’ (2020) 32(1) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 22 <https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2019.1658694>

McSherry, Bernadette and Piers Gooding, ‘Predicting the Risk of Future Terrorism: Lessons for Mental Health Experts from the Benbrika Case’ (2024) 31(3) Journal of Law and Medicine 515 <https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.T2025032900005701743337296>

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Microsoft, Microsoft Responsible AI Standard v2 General Requirements (Standard, June 2022)

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Ministry of Justice (UK),

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Ministry of Justice (UK) and Shabana Mahmood MP, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, AI to Stop Prison Violence before It Happens (Press Release, 31 July 2025) <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ai-to-stop-prison-violence-before-it-happens>

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National Centre for State Courts (NCSC) and Thomson Reuters Institute,

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),

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Ningning, Zhu, ‘Duōmíng Dàibiǎo Tíchū Guānyú Zhìdìng Réngōngzhìnéng Fǎde Yìàn Gòujiàn Quánmiàn Kēxué de Réngōngzhìnéng Fǎlǜ Zhìdù Tǐxì [Several Deputies Proposed a Motion on Formulating an Artificial Intelligence Law to Establish a Comprehensive and Scientific Legal System for AI (English Translation)]’, Legal Daily – NPC (online, 17 June 2025) <http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20250617/Articel05005GN.htm>

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NSW Civil & Administrative Tribunal,

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–​Guidelines for NCAT Members in Respect of Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) (Guidelines, 7 March 2025) <https://ncat.nsw.gov.au/documents/policies/member-guidelines-generative-ai.pdf>

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Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada, Action Committee on Modernizing Court Operations,

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–​Use of Artificial Intelligence by Courts to Enhance Court Operations (Statement, 20 November 2024) <https://fja-cmf.gc.ca/COVID-19/pdf/Use-of-AI-by-Courts-Utilisation-de-lIA-par-les-tribunaux-eng.pdf>

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Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner (OVIC),

–​2023-24 Annual Report: Changes (Report)

–​‘Artificial Intelligence and Privacy – Issues and Challenges’ (Web Page) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/artificial-intelligence-and-privacy-issues-and-challenges/>

–​Artificial Intelligence – Understanding Privacy Obligations (Report, April 2021) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/artificial-intelligence-understanding-privacy-obligations/>

–​Guidelines to the Information Privacy Principles (IPP Guidelines) (Report, 14 November 2019) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/guidelines-to-the-information-privacy-principles/>

–​Investigation into the Use of ChatGPT by a Child Protection Worker (Report, September 2024) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/regulatory-action/investigation-into-the-use-of-chatgpt-by-a-child-protection-worker/>

–​Overview: Information Privacy Principles (Guidelines, 3 December 2020) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/book/overview-2/>

–​Privacy by Design (Guidance No D21/24515, January 2022) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/privacy-by-design/>

–​Privacy Impact Assessment Guide: Guide for Completing OVIC’s Template (Guide No D20/6442, April 2021) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/privacy-impact-assessment/>

–​‘Public Consultation on Artificial Intelligence Privacy Guidance’ (Web Page, August 2024) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/public-consultation-on-artificial-intelligence-privacy-guidance/>

–​‘The Role of the Privacy Officer’ (Web Page) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/privacy-officer-toolkit/the-role-of-the-privacy-officer/>

–​Use of Enterprise Generative AI Tools in the Victorian Public Sector (Report, March 2025) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/use-of-enterprise-generative-ai-tools-in-the-victorian-public-sector/>

–​Use of Personal Information with Publicly Available Generative AI Tools in the Victorian Public Sector (Report, March 2025) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/use-of-personal-information-with-publicly-available-generative-ai-tools-in-the-victorian-public-sector/>

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‘OpenAI’s Altman: Here’s What to Expect from AI in 2025 (NYT/DealBook Summit CNBC Television)’ (Andrew Ross Sorkin, Television, 5 December 2024) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQgUHLPqIAA>

Orange County Superior Court, Orange County Superior Court Department C31: Pre-Trial Order and Standing Order Re: Artificial Intelligence (Guidance, 25 January 2024) <https://www.occourts.org/system/files?file=civil/knillprocedures.pdf>

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),

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–​Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence, OECD/LEGAL/0449, 3 May 2024 <https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449>

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‘OECD AI Principles Overview’, OECD Policy Observatory (Web Page, 2025) <https://oecd.ai/en/principles>

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Parliament of Victoria, Parliament and the Courts: Separation of Powers Summary Notes (Report, 2 March 2023) <https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/49a853/globalassets/sections-shared/teach-and-learn/resource-pages/separation-of-powers-parliament-and-the-courts/summary-notes—separation-of-powers.pdf>

Paulger, Dominic, ‘Understanding Japan’s AI Promotion Act: An “Innovation-First” Blueprint for AI Regulation’, Future of Privacy Forum (Web Page, 5 July 2025) <https://fpf.org/blog/understanding-japans-ai-promotion-act-an-innovation-first-blueprint-for-ai-regulation/>

Pelly, Michael, ‘An Interview with Chief Justice Gageler’, Westlaw Updates & Alerts (Web Page, 8 July 2025) <https://support.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/westlaw-precision-australia/updates-alerts/interview-chief-justice-gageler>

Pengilley, Victoria, ‘NSW Court Website Hit by Major Data Breach, 9,000 Documents Downloaded’, ABC News (online, 26 March 2025) <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-03-26/nsw-court-website-major-data-breach-documents-leaked/105100678>

Pennsylvania Bar Association Committee on Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility and Philadelphia Bar Association Professional Guidance Committee, Joint Formal Opinion 2024-200: Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence (Guidance, 2024) <https://www.lawnext.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Joint-Formal-Opinion-2024-200.pdf>

‘Peru: Implemented Law Promoting the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Economic and Social Development of Peru (No. 31814)’, Digital Policy Alert (Web Page) <https://digitalpolicyalert.org/event/13763-implemented-law-promoting-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence-for-the-economic-and-social-development-of-peru-no-31814>

Pfefferkorn, Riana, ‘“Deepfakes” in the Courtroom’ (2020) 29 Public Interest Law Journal 245

Polaski, Donald R and Marissa J Brienza, ‘Managing AI: Risks and Opportunities’ (2023) 12(7) PM World Journal <https://pmworldjournal.com/article/managing-ai-risks-and-opportunities>

Pollack, Julien, Natalie Smith and Wei-Ting Hong, Assessing Delivery Confidence of Digital Projects: Guidance for Independent Assurers (Assurance Research Series No 1, Digital Transformation Agency & University of Sydney, October 2024) <https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/33123>

Prime Minister’s Office, 10 Downing Street, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (UK), The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1-2 November 2023 (Policy Paper, 1 November 2023) <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023>

Privacy and Data Protection Deputy Commissioner, ‘Public Statement: Use of Personal Information with ChatGPT’, Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner (Web Page, February 2024) <https://ovic.vic.gov.au/privacy/resources-for-organisations/public-statement-use-of-personal-information-with-chatgpt/>

Productivity Commission, Interim Report – Harnessing Data and Digital Technology (Report, August 2025) <https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/current/data-digital/interim>

Public Record Office Victoria,

–​Artificial Intelligence (AI): Capturing and Managing Records Generated by or Using AI Technologies (Web Page, 31 July 2025) <https://prov.vic.gov.au/recordkeeping-government/a-z-topics/AI>

–​Recordkeeping Policy: Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Recordkeeping (Policy, 29 February 2024) <https://prov.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/documents/ai_tech_and_recordkeeping_policy_v1_2024.pdf>

Queensland Courts,

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–​The Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Guidelines for Responsible Use by Non-Lawyers (Guidelines, 13 May 2025) <https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/about/news/news233/2024/the-use-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-ai>

–​The Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Guidelines for Responsible Use by Non-Lawyers (Guidelines, 15 September 2025) <https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/798375/Artificial-Intelligence_Guidelines-for-Non-Lawyers.pdf>

Queensland Government, Foundational Artificial Intelligence Risk Assessment Framework (Guidance, September 2024) <https://www.forgov.qld.gov.au/information-technology/queensland-government-enterprise-architecture-qgea/qgea-directions-and-guidance/qgea-policies-standards-and-guidelines/faira-framework>

Queensland Law Society, AI Companion Guide: The QLS overview guide to AI for solicitors (Guide No Version 1.0, Queensland Law Society, September 2024) <https://www.qls.com.au/content-collections/guides/ai-companion-guide>

Queensland Law Society and QLS Ethics and Practice Centre, Guidance Statement No.38 Artificial Intelligence in Legal Practice (Report, 24 October 2024) <https://www.qls.com.au/content-collections/statements/guidance-statement-no-38-artificial-intelligence-in-legal-practice>

Quoc V. Lee and Mike Schuster, ‘A Neural Network for Machine Translation, at Production Scale’, Google Research (Web Page, 27 September 2016) <https://research.google/blog/a-neural-network-for-machine-translation-at-production-scale/>

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‘Responsible AI Pattern Catalogue’, CSIRO Data 61 Software Systems (Web Page, 2024) <https://research.csiro.au/ss/science/projects/responsible-ai-pattern-catalogue/>

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Robbie, Grace, ‘“Harvey” AI Rolled out across KWM’, LawyersWeekly (online, 16 May 2025) <https://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/biglaw/42108-harvey-ai-rolled-out-across-kwm>

Roberts, Claire, ‘Generative AI in Australian Courts: Early Cases, Emerging Risks’ (2025) 27(5–6) Internet Law Bulletin 79

Rosati, Eleonora, ‘New Vatican AI Guidelines for the Development and Use of AI Models: From AI Training to Vatican’s Authorship and Ownership of AI-Generated Outputs (at Least within the Vatican City State)’, The IPKat (Web Page, 25 January 2025) <https://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2025/01/new-vatican-ai-guidelines-for.html>

Ross, Alastair, ‘The Reliability and Validity of Expert Evidence: Law, Science and Medicine in Summit. The Rapporteur’s View.’ (2020) 52(3) Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 246 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2019.1711183>

‘Rule 1.1 Competence – Comment’, American Bar Association (Web Page, 2025) <https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/rule_1_1_competence/comment_on_rule_1_1/>

Russell, Stuart and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Pearson, 4th ed, 2022)

Sacher, Sarah and Edward Santow, Use of Automated Decision-Making by Government (Submission No.1071994347 to the Attorney-General’s Department Consultation on Automated Decision Making Reform, Human Technology Institute, 28 January 2025) <https://www.uts.edu.au/globalassets/sites/default/files/2025-01/HTI-submission-Use-of-ADM-by-Government.pdf>

Sahoo, Niyati, ‘The Future of AI in Legal Practice: Trends and Predictions’ (2024) 7(1) International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 2194 <https://ijlmh.com/paper/the-future-of-ai-in-legal-practice-trends-and-predictions/>

Salter, Shannon, ‘Online Dispute Resolution and Justice System Integration: British Columbia’s Civil Resolution Tribunal’ (2017) 34(1) Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 112 <https://wyaj.uwindsor.ca/index.php/wyaj/article/view/5008>

Satterthwaite, Margaret, Special Rapporteur, AI in Judicial Systems: Promises and Pitfalls: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Margaret Satterthwaite, UN Doc A/80/169 (16 July 2025) <https://docs.un.org/en/A/80/169>

‘Science and the Law’, The Royal Society (Web Page, 2025) <https://royalsociety.org/about-us/what-we-do/science-and-law/>

Schindler, Eckhard, ‘Judicial Systems Are Turning to AI to Help Manage Vast Quantities of Data and Expedite Case Resolution’, IBM (Web Page, 4 February 2025) <https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/blog/judicial-systems-are-turning-to-ai-to-help-manage-its-vast-quantities-of-data-and-expedite-case-resolution>

Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service: Our Approach to the Development of Services Using Artificial Intelligence (Policy, April 2025) <https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/media/xalno3ff/scts-ai-policy.pdf>

Selbst, Andrew D and Solon Barocas, ‘The Intuitive Appeal of Explainable Machines’ (2018) 87 Fordham Law Review 1085 <https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol87/iss3/11/>

Senate Select Committee on Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), Parliament of Australia, Report of the Select Committee on Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Final Report, November 2024) <https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Adopting_Artificial_Intelligence_AI/AdoptingAI/Report>

Sessa, Francesco et al, ‘Advancing Diagnostic Tools in Forensic Science: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Gunshot Wound Investigation—A Systematic Review’ (2025) 5(3) Forensic Sciences 30 <https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6756/5/3/30>

Shen, Xinyue et al, ‘In ChatGPT We Trust? Measuring and Characterizing the Reliability of ChatGPT’ (2023) arXiv:2304.08979v2 [cs.CR]:1-21 <http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08979>

Shi, Changqing, Tania Sourdin and Bin Li, ‘The Smart Court – A New Pathway to Justice in China?’ (2021) 12(1) International Journal for Court Administration 4 <https://iacajournal.org/articles/10.36745/ijca.367>

Singapore Courts, Media Release: New Generative AI-Powered Case Summarisation Tool to Help Small Claims Tribunals Users (Media Release, 10 September 2025) <https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/news-and-resources/news/news-details/media-release–new-generative-ai-powered-case-summarisation-tool-to-help-small-claims-tribunals-users>

Smart, Sebastian and Victor M Montori, ‘Peru’s AI Regulatory Boom: Quantity Without Depth?’, Harvard Kennedy School, Carr-Ryan Centre for Human Rights (Web Page, 23 April 2025) <https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/carr-ryan/our-work/carr-ryan-commentary/perus-ai-regulatory-boom-quantity-without-depth>

Snowden, Angelica, ‘“Pushing Generative AI to Its Limits”: How Top Australian Law Firms Are Leaning into AI’, The Australian (online, 11 May 2025) <https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/pushing-generative-ai-to-its-limits-how-top-australian-law-firms-are-leaning-into-ai/news-story/13404fb0e1a58045faee2758c3a4d682>

Solicitors Regulation Authority (UK), SRA Approves First AI-Driven Law Firm (News Release, 6 May 2025) <https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/news/press/garfield-ai-authorised/>

Solovey, Erin, Brian Flanagan and Daniel Chen, ‘Interacting with AI at Work: Perceptions and Opportunities from the UK Judiciary’ in Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (Conference Paper, 22 June 2025) 1 <https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3729176.3729192>

Sourdin, Tania,

–​‘Judge v Robot? Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Decision-Making’ (2018) 41(4) University of New South Wales Law Journal 1114 <https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/judge-v-robot-artificial-intelligence-and-judicial-decision-making/>

–​Judges, Technology and Artificial Intelligence: The Artificial Judge (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021)

–​‘Replacing, Supporting or Enhancing Judges? Judge AI Considerations for the Future’ (2024) 98(9) Australian Law Journal 696 <https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.T2024100200008300509892826>

Sourdin, Tania and Richard Cornes, ‘Do Judges Need to Be Human? The Implications of Technology for Responsive Judging’ in T. Sourdin and A. Zariski (Eds.), The Responsive Judge: International Perspectives on Law and Justice (Springer, 2018) 87

Standards Australia Limited,

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–​‘AS ISO/IEC 23053 – Framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems Using Machine Learning (ML)’ <https://www.iso.org/standard/74438.html>

–​‘AS ISO/IEC 38507: 2022 Information Technology – Governance of IT – Governance Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence by Organizations’ <https://store.standards.org.au/product/as-iso-iec-38507-2022>

–​‘AS ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information Technology – Artificial Intelligence – Management System’ <https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/standard-details?designation=as-iso-iec-42001-2023>

Stankovich, Miriam et al, Global Toolkit on AI and the Rule of Law for the Judiciary (CI/DIT/2023/AIRoL/01, UNESCO, 2023) <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387331>

Staples, Adrian, ‘Some Reservations about the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Sentencing Decisions’ (2020) 94(12) Australian Law Journal 949 <https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/agispt.20210119042390>

State of Connecticut Judicial Branch, Artificial Intelligence Responsible Use Framework (JBAPPM Policy 1013, 1 February 2024)

Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, Report on Government Services 2025: Justice (Part C) (Report, Productivity Commission, 2025)

Stewart, Pamela and Anita Stuhmcke, ‘Judicial Analytics and Australian Courts: A Call for National Ethical Guidelines’ (2020) 45(2) Alternative Law Journal 82 <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1037969X19899674>

Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 Guidelines (Guidelines, Parliament of Victoria, September 2023)

Superior Council of the Judiciary, Republic of Colombia, Acuerdo PCSJA24-12243 DE 2024: Por El Cual Se Adoptan Lineamientos Para El Uso y Aprovechamiento Respetuoso, Responsable, Seguro y Ético de La Inteligencia Artificial En La Rama Judicial [Agreement PCSJA24-12243 of 2024: By Which Guidelines Are Adopted for the Respectful, Responsible, Safe and Ethical Use and Exploitation of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Branch (English Translation)] (16 December 2024) <https://actosadministrativos.ramajudicial.gov.co/web/Acto%20Administrativo/Default.aspx?ID=19280>

Supreme Court of Illinois, Illinois Supreme Court Policy on Artificial Intelligence (Policy, 1 January 2025)

Supreme Court of Illinois, Supreme Court Policy on Artificial Intelligence: Judicial Reference Sheet (Reference Sheet, 1 January 2025) <https://ilcourtsaudio.blob.core.windows.net/antilles-resources/resources/cb3d6da3-66c7-469d-97f3-41568bdeee8c/ISC%20AI%20Policy%20Bench%20Card.pdf>

Supreme Court of New South Wales,

–​Guidelines for New South Wales Judges in Respect of Use of Generative AI (Guidelines, 21 November 2024) <https://supremecourt.nsw.gov.au/documents/About-the-Court/policies/Guidelines_Gen_AI.pdf>

–​Supreme Court Practice Note SC Gen 23 Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) (Practice Note, 28 January 2025) <https://supremecourt.nsw.gov.au/documents/Practice-and-Procedure/Practice-Notes/general/current/PN_SC_Gen_23.pdf>

Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, Notice to the Profession and the General Public Ensuring the Integrity of Court Submissions When Using Large Language Models (Notice, 12 October 2023)

Supreme Court of Singapore, Guide on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools by Court Users (Registrar’s Circular No 1 of 2024, 1 October 2024) <https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/docs/default-source/news-and-resources-docs/guide-on-the-use-of-generative-ai-tools-by-court-users.pdf>

Supreme Court of South Dakota, South Dakota Unified Judicial System Generative Artificial Intelligence Guidance (Guidance, June 2024)

Supreme Court of Victoria,

–​‘2020 – 2025 Strategic Statement’ (Web Page, 2025) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/about-the-court/how-the-court-works/strategic-statement>

–​Annual Report 2020-21 (Report, October 2021)

–​‘Glossary of Legal Terms’ (Web Page, March 2020) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/about-the-court/how-the-court-works/glossary>

–​Guidelines for Litigants: Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in Litigation (Guidelines, 6 May 2024) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/forms-fees-and-services/forms-templates-and-guidelines/guideline-responsible-use-of-ai-in-litigation>

–​Practice Note SC CC1 Commercial Court (Second Revision) (Practice Note, 26 February 2024) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/areas/legal-resources/practice-notes/sc-cc-1-commercial-court-second-revision>

–​Practice Note SC Gen 1 Practice Notes and Notice to the Profession (Practice Note, 30 January 2017) <https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/assets/2017/09/25/18c025b3f/gen1practicenotesandnoticetotheprofession.pdf>

–​‘PRIVACY: Privacy Statement for the Supreme Court of Victoria Website’ (Web Page) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/privacy>

–​‘Representing Yourself’ (Web Page, 2025) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/going-to-court/help-with-court-processes/representing-yourself>SC CR 3 – Expert Evidence in Criminal Trials (Practice Note, 1 June 2025) <https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/areas/legal-resources/practice-notes/sc-cr-3-expert-evidence-in-criminal-trials>

–​‘The Honourable Justice Cavanough Retires’ (Web Page, 12 December 2024) <http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/news/the-honourable-justice-cavanough-retires>

Supreme Court of Western Australia, Artificial Intelligence Practice Direction: Consultation Note (Report, 27 February 2025) <https://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/_files/AI_practice_direction.pdf>

Supreme Court of Yukon, Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools (Practice Direction General No 29, 26 June 2023)

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Susnjak, Teo et al, ‘Over the Edge of Chaos? Excess Complexity as a Roadblock to Artificial General Intelligence’ [2025] IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 1 <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/11175023>

Susskind, Richard E, ‘Expert Systems in Law: A Jurisprudential Approach to Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning’ (1986) 49(2) The Modern Law Review 168 <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1986.tb01683.x>

Tadros, Edmund, ‘MinterEllison Sets Target of 80pc Using AI by March’, Australian Financial Review (online, 16 December 2024) <https://www.afr.com/companies/professional-services/minterellison-sets-target-of-80pc-using-ai-by-march-20241207-p5kwk5>

Tan, Vivi, Jeannie Paterson and Julian Webb, ‘Generative AI in Small Value Consumer Disputes: Reviving Not Resolving Challenges of Design and Governance in Online Dispute Resolution’ (2025) 48(4) University of New South Wales Law Journal (forthcoming) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5313052>

Team Symbl, ‘Conversation Understanding: Open Domain vs. Closed Domain’, Symbl.Ai Blog (Web Page, 10 December 2020) <https://symbl.ai/developers/blog/conversation-understanding-open-domain-vs-closed-domain/>

Terzidou, Kalliopi, ‘The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Judiciary and Its Compliance with the Right to a Fair Trial’ (2022) 31(3) Journal of Judicial Administration 154 <https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/agispt.20220401064756>

‘The Dataset Nutrition Label’, The Data Nutrition Project (Web Page, 2021) <https://labelmaker.datanutrition.org/>

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The Law Society of England and Wales,

–​Generative AI – the Essentials (Guide, August 2024) <https://www.lawsociety.org.uk//en/Topics/AI-and-lawtech/Guides/Generative-AI-the-essentials>

–​Generative AI – the Essentials: Checklist (Report,17 November 2023) <https://www.lawsociety.org.uk//en/Topics/AI-and-lawtech/Guides/Generative-AI-the-essentials>

The Law Society of Manitoba, Generative Artificial Intelligence: Guidelines for Use in the Practice of Law (Guidelines, April 2024) <https://educationcentre.lawsociety.mb.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/Generative-Artificial-Intelligence-Guidelines-for-Use-in-the-Practice-of-Law.pdf>

The Law Society of NSW, Legal Practice Board of Western Australia, and Victorian Legal Services Board and Commissioner, Statement on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Australian Legal Practice (Statement, 26 March 2025) <https://lsbc.vic.gov.au/news-updates/news/statement-use-artificial-intelligence-australian-legal-practice>

The Pontifical Commission for the State of the Vatican City, Decreto Della Pontificia Commissione per Lo Stato Della Città Del Vaticano Recante “Linee Guida in Materia Di Intelligenza Artificiale” [Decree of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State Containing ‘Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence’ (English Translation)] (Decree No N. DCCII, 16 December 2024) <https://www.vaticanstate.va/images/N.%20DCCII.pdf>

The State Bar of California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct, Practical Guidance for the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Practice of Law (Guidance, 16 November 2023) <https://www.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/0/documents/ethics/Generative-AI-Practical-Guidance.pdf>

The Supreme Court of South Carolina, Interim Policy on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Policy, 25 March 2025) <https://www.sccourts.org/media/courtOrders/PDFs/2025-03-25-01.pdf>

The Treasury (Cth), Review of AI and the Australian Consumer Law: Discussion Paper (Discussion Paper, Australian Government, October 2024) <https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-10/c2024-584560-dp.pdf>

Thomas, Julian et al, Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: Australian Digital Inclusion Index 2023 (Report, ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society, RMIT University, Swinburne University of Technology, and Telstra, 2023) <https://www.digitalinclusionindex.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ADII-2023-Summary_Report_Final-1.pdf>

Thomas, Julian et al, Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: The Australian Digital Inclusion Index 2018 (Report, RMIT University, Centre for Social Impact, and Telstra, 2018) <http://apo.org.au/node/184091>

Thomson Reuters, Expert Evidence (online at 28 September 2025) ‘Reliability of evidence’ [12.05.30]

Toledo Municipal Court, Toledo Municipal Court AI Policy (Policy, 18 December 2024)

Tomazin, Farrah, ‘Police Using Facial Recognition Cameras at Victoria’s Busiest Stations’, The Age (online, 25 December 2019) <https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/cops-using-facial-recognition-cameras-at-victoria-s-busiest-stations-20191220-p53m0e.html>

Tortora, Leda et al, ‘Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective’ (2020) 11 Frontiers in Psychology Article 220 <https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220/full>

Triguero, Isaac et al, ‘General Purpose Artificial Intelligence Systems (GPAIS): Properties, Definition, Taxonomy, Societal Implications and Responsible Governance’ (2024) 103 Information Fusion 102135 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1566253523004517?via%3Dihub>

Umoff, Allie and Stephanie Lo, ‘Artificial Intelligence, Real Problems: Evidence in the Age of AI’ [2025] The Bulletin <https://bulletin.lawsocietysa.asn.au/Bulletin/Bulletin/Content/Articles/2025/June/Artificial_Intelligence_Real_Problems_Evidence_in_the_Age_of_AI.aspx>

United Nations,

–​Global Digital Compact, UN Doc A/79/L.2 (adopted 22 Sept 2024) <https://www.un.org/global-digital-compact/sites/default/files/2024-09/Global%20Digital%20Compact%20-%20English_0.pdf>

–​Seizing the Opportunities of Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence Systems for Sustainable Development, UN Doc A/78/L.49 (11 March 2024) <https://docs.un.org/A/78/L.49>

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),

–​‘Chile Launches National AI Policy and Introduces AI Bill Following UNESCO´s Recommendations’ (Web Page, 6 May 2024) <https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/chile-launches-national-ai-policy-and-introduces-ai-bill-following-unescos-recommendations>

–​Draft Guidelines for the Use of AI Systems in Courts and Tribunals (Guidelines, May 2025) <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000393682>

–​‘Justice Meets Innovation: Colombia’s Groundbreaking AI Guidelines for Courts’ (Web Page, 1 April 2025) <https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/justice-meets-innovation-colombias-groundbreaking-ai-guidelines-courts>

–​Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2022, adopted on 23 Nov 2021) <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137>

United Nations Secretary-General,

–​Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc A/79/296 (7 August 2024)

–​Roadmap for Digital Cooperation: Report of the Secretary-General (Report, June 2020) <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3978036?v=pdf&ln=en>

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Standing Order Re Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) in Cases Assigned to Judge Baylson (Standing Order, 6 June 2023) <https://www.paed.uscourts.gov/sites/paed/files/documents/locrules/standord/Standing%20Order%20Re%20Artificial%20Intelligence%206.6.pdf>

United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Standing Order for Civil Cases Before Magistrate Judge Fuentes (Standing Order, 31 May 2023) <https://www.ilnd.uscourts.gov/_assets/_documents/_forms/_judges/Fuentes/Standing%20Order%20For%20Civil%20Cases%20Before%20Judge%20Fuentes%20rev%27d%205-31-23%20(002).pdf>

‘Victim Impact Statements’, Victims of Crime (Web Page, 21 November 2023) <https://www.victimsofcrime.vic.gov.au/victim-impact-statements>

Victoria Police,

–​Strategy for Digitally Transforming Victoria Police 2023–2028 (Report, 2023) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-06/Strategy-for-Digitally-Transforming-Victoria-Police-2023%E2%80%932028.pdf>

–​Victoria Police Artificial Intelligence Ethics Framework (Policy, 20 March 2024) <https://www.police.vic.gov.au/victoria-police-artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework>

Victorian Auditor-General’s Office, Administration of Victorian Law Courts (Independent Assurance Report to Parliament No 2021– 22:06, October 2021) <https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/report/administration-victorian-courts/?section=’ >

Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal,

–​Annual Report 2023-24 (Report, September 2024)

–​Practice Note – PNVCAT2 – Expert Evidence (Practice Note, 8 December 2022) <https://www.vcat.vic.gov.au/documents/practice-notes/practice-note-pnvcat2-expert-evidence>

–​‘VCAT Residential Tenancies Hub Login Page’ (Web Page) <https://online.vcat.vic.gov.au/vol/common/login.jsp>

Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission, The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities: A Guide for Victorian Public Sector Workers (3rd Edn) (Report, Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission, January 2024) <https://www.humanrights.vic.gov.au/resources/https-resources-charter-guide-for-vps-2024/>

Victorian Government,

–​Aboriginal Affairs Report 2023 (Report, 2024) <https://www.firstpeoplesrelations.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-07/VIC-GOV_Aboriginal-Affairs-Report_2023.pdf>

–​Victorian Government Risk Management Framework (Report, August 2020)

Victorian Law Reform Commission, Artificial Intelligence in Victoria’s Courts and Tribunals: Consultation Paper (Report, Victorian Law Reform Commission, October 2024)

Victorian Legal Services Board and Commissioner,

–​‘About the Board and Commissioner’ (Web Page, 31 July 2025) <https://lsbc.vic.gov.au/about-us/board-and-commissioner/about-board-and-commissioner>

–​‘Statement on the “Mr Dayal” Matter’ (Web Page, 2 September 2025) <https://www.lsbc.vic.gov.au/news-updates/news/statement-mr-dayal-matter>

–​‘Unqualified Legal Practice’ (Web Page, 2 August 2022) <https://lsbc.vic.gov.au/consumers/registers-lawyers/unqualified-legal-practice>

‘Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems’, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (Web Page, September 2023) <https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems>

Vos, Geoffrey, ‘Speech by the Master of the Rolls to the Bar Council of England and Wales’ (Speech, 20th Annual Law Reform Lecture, Lincolns Inn, 21 June 2023) <https://www.judiciary.uk/speech-by-the-master-of-the-rolls-to-the-bar-council-of-england-and-wales/>

Walsh, Toby et al, Closer to the Machine: Technical, Social, and Legal Aspects of AI (Report, Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner, August 2019)

Warren, Zach, ‘ILTA Evolve: Finding the Use Cases for Law Firms around Agentic AI Systems’, Thomson Reuters Institute (Web Page, 12 May 2025) <https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/technology/ilta-evolve-agentic-ai-use-cases/>

Waye, Vicki et al, ‘Maximising the Pivot to Online Courts: Digital Transformation, Not Mere Digitisation’ (2021) 30(3) Journal of Judicial Administration 126

Weatherall, Kimberlee et al, Automated Decision-Making in New South Wales: Mapping and Analysis of the Use of ADM Systems by State and Local Governments (Research Report, ARC Centre of Excellence on Automated Decision-Making and Society (ADM+S), 8 March 2024) <https://apo.org.au/node/325901>

Webb, Julian and Jeannie Paterson, ‘The Evolution of Legal Knowledge Work in An Age of Brilliant(?) Technologies: From Robo-Lawyer to Digital Law Clerk’ [2025] ANU Journal of Law & Technology (forthcoming) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5371536>

‘What Is Explainable AI (XAI)?’, IBM Think (Web Page, 29 March 2023) <https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/explainable-ai>

White, Samuel, ‘Authorisation and Accountability of Automated Government Decisions under Australian Administrative Law’ (2021) 102 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 84 <https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AIAdminLawF/2021/12.pdf>

Working Group on Judicial Administration and Artificial Intelligence (JAAI), New York City Bar, Artificial Intelligence and the New York State Judiciary: A Preliminary Path (Report, 3 June 2024) <https://nationalcenterforstatecourts.app.box.com/s/dwtpkyv4vadgvwryz872382xg1gj9svh>

World Economic Forum, The Global Risks Report 2024: Insight Report (World Economic Forum, 19th ed, 2024)

Yang, Fan, Jake Goldenfein and Kathy Nickels,

–​GenAI Concepts: Technical, Operational and Regulatory Terms and Concepts for Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) (Report, ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society (ADM+S), and the Office of the Victorian Information Commissioner (OVIC), 2024) <https://doi.org/10.60836/PSMC-RV23>

–​‘GenAI Concepts’, ADM+S Centre and OVIC (Web Page, 2024) <https://www.admscentre.org.au/genai-concepts/>

Yenduri, Gokul et al, ‘Artificial General Intelligence: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions in AGI Research’ (2025) 13 IEEE Access 134325 <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11096544>

Zalnieriute, Monika, Technology and the Courts: Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Impartiality (Submission No. 3 to Australian Law Reform Commission Review of Judicial Impartiality, June 2021) <https://www.alrc.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/3-.-Monika-Zalnieriute-Public.pdf>

Zalnieriute, Monika and Felicity Bell, ‘Technology and the Judicial Role’ in Gabrielle Appleby and Andrew Lynch (eds), The Judge, the Judiciary and the Court: Individual, Collegial and Institutional Judicial Dynamics in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2021) 116

Zalnieriute, Monika, Lyria Bennett Moses and George Williams, ‘The Rule of Law and Automation of Government Decision‐Making.’ (2019) 82(3) Modern Law Review 425 <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2230.12412>

Case Law

Victoria

Bangholme Investments Pty Ltd v Greater Dandenong CC [2025] VCAT 290

Colin Stevenson (a pseudonym) v The Queen [2020] VSCA 27; (2020) 61 VR 624

Director of Public Prosecutions v GR [2025] VSC 490

DPP v Harika [2001] VSC 237

Kaur v RMIT [2024] VSCA 264

Kracke v Mental Health Review Board [2009] VCAT 646; (2009) 29 VAR 1

Matsoukatidou v Yarra Ranges Council [2017] VSC 61; (2017) 51 VR 624

Nikolic & Anor v Nationwide News Pty Ltd & Anor [2025] VSCA 112

Page v Long [2025] VCC 868

PJB v Melbourne Health (Patrick’s case) [2011] VSC 327; (2011) 39 VR 373

R v Arnold [1999] 1 VR 179

Ragg v Magistrates Court of Victoria [2008] VSC 1; (2008) 18 VR 300

Secretary to the Department of Human Services v Sanding [2011] VSC 42; (2011) 36 VR 221

Send v Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions (Human Rights) [2023] VCAT 1267

Victoria Police Toll Enforcement v Taha [2013] VSCA 37; (2013) 49 VR 1

Wang v Moutidis [2025] VCC 1156

Commonwealth

Commissioner Initiated Investigation into Bunnings Group Ltd (Privacy) [2024] AICmr 230

Dayal [2024] FedCFamC2F 1166

Finch v Heat Group Pty Ltd [2024] FedCFamC2G 161

Gujic v Arterbury [2024] FedCFamC1A 48

Handa & Mallick [2024] FedCFamC2F 957

Honeysett v The Queen [2014] HCA 29

IMM v The Queen [2016] HCA 14; (2016) 257 CLR 300

JML Rose Pty Ltd v Jorgensen (No 3) [2025] FCA 976

JNE24 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2025] FedCFamC2G 1314

Kable vs DPP [1996] HCA 24; (1996) 189 CLR 51

Kline v Official Secretary to the Governor General [2013] HCA 52; (2013) 304 CLR 116

Lang v The Queen [2023] HCA 29; (2023) 278 CLR 323

Luck v Secretary, Services Australia [2025] FCAFC 26

Murray on behalf of the Wamba Wemba Native Title Claim Group v State of Victoria [2025] FCA 731

Pintarich v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [2018] FCAFC 79; (2018) 262 FCR 41

Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth [2003] HCA 2; (2003) 211 CLR 476

R v Cesan [2008] HCA 52; (2008) 36 CLR 358

Trivago NV v Australian Consumer and Competition Commission [2020] FCAFC 185; (2020) 384 ALR 496

Valu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (No 2) [2025] FedCFamC2G 95

Wainohu v New South Wales [2011] HCA 24; (2011) 243 CLR 181

Other Australian jurisdictions

Bottrill v Graham & Anor (No 2) [2025] NSWDC 221

Budd v Director, Attorney Generals Department [2006] NSWSC 1267

Chief Executive, Department of Justice v Wise and Wise Real Estate Pty Ltd & Anor [2025] QCAT 222

Director of Public Prosecutions (ACT) v Khan [2024] ACTSC 19

Goodchild v State of Queensland (Queensland Health) [2025] QIRC 46

Hanna v Flinders University [2025] SASC 6

Higgins v Commissioner of Police, NSW Police Force [2024] NSWCATAD 175

Ivins v KMA Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd & Ors [2025] QIRC 141

Lakaev v McConkey [2024] TASSC 35

LJY v Occupational Therapy Board of Australia [2025] QCAT 96

May v Costaras [2025] NSWCA 178

My Fashion Republic Pty Ltd t/as Cosette v Pennisi [2024] NSWCATAP 187

Nash v Director of Public Prosecutions (WA) [2023] WASC 75

NZ v Attorney General’s Department [2005] NSWADT 103

QWYN and Commissioner of Taxation [2025] ARTA 83

R v Tang [2006] NSWCCA 357; (2006) 65 NSWLR 681

Soulemezis v Dudley (1987) 10 NSWLR 247

Weedbrook v Partlin [2024] QDC 194

International

Ayinde v London Borough of Haringey [2025] EWHC 1040

Bunce v Visual Technology Innovations, Inc (ED Pa, Civ No 23-1740, Feb 27, 2025)

Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc 509 US 579 (1993)

Dehghani v Castro (D NM, cv00052, Apr 02, 2025)

Dewald v Massachusetts Mutual Insurance Company 237 AD3d 562 (2025)

Frye v United States 293 Fed. 1013 (1923)

Hussein v Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship) [2025] FC 1060 (CanLII)

In re Marla C Martin (Bankr ND Ill, 24 B 13368, Jul 18, 2025)

Jaswinder Singh v State of Punjab and other [2023] PHHC 044541

Ko v Li [2025] ONSC 2766 (CanLII)

Kohls v Ellison (D Minn, 0:24-cv-3754, 10 January 2025)

Loyer v Waye County Michigan (ED Mich, 21-12589, 21 March 2025)

Lundy v The Queen [2014] UKPC 28; (2014) 2 NZLR 273

Lundy v The Queen [2018] NZCA 410

M Ltd v AAI [2023] NZDT 578

Mata v Avianca, Inc 678 F.Supp.3d 443 (2023)

Md Zakir Hussain vs State of Manipur & Others [2024] High Court of Manipur WP(C)/70/2023

MillerKing, LLC v DoNotPay, Inc (SD Ill, 3:23-CV-863-NJR, 17 Nov 2023)

R (on the application of Edward Bridges) v South Wales Police [2020] EWCA Civ 1058

R v Gallerno [2025] ONSC 236

Ross v United States 331 A.3d 220 (DC 2025)

Snell v United Specialty Insurance Company 102 F.4th 1208 (2024)

State of Wisconsin v Loomis 371 Wis.2d 235 (2016)

United Nations

Human Rights Committee, Views 488/1992, 50th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (31 March 1994) <https://juris.ohchr.org/casedetails/702/en-US> (‘Toonen v Australia’)

Legislation

Victoria

Administrative Law Act 1978 (Vic)

Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic)

Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic)

Children’s Court Authentication and Electronic Transmission Rules 2020 (Vic)

Civil Procedure Act 2010 (Vic)

Constitution Act 1975 (Vic)

County Court Act 1958 (Vic)

County Court Civil Procedure Rules 2018 (Vic)

Court Services Victoria Act 2014 (Vic)

COVID-19 Omnibus (Emergency Measures) Act 2020 (Vic)

Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)

Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic)

Evidence Act 2008 (Vic)

Explanatory Memoranda,

–​Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Bill 2006 (Vic)

–​Justice Legislation Amendment (Sexual Offences and Other Matters) Bill 2022 (Vic)

Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic)

Health Records Act 2001 (Vic)

Judicial Commission of Victoria Act 2016 (Vic)

Justice Legislation Amendment (Miscellaneous) Act 2025 (Vic)

Legal Profession Uniform Conduct (Barristers) Rules 2015

Legal Profession Uniform Law Application Act 2014

Legal Profession Uniform Law Australian Solicitors’ Conduct Rules 2015

Legal Profession Uniform Legal Practice (Solicitors) Rules 2015

Magistrates’ Court Act 1989 (Vic)

Magistrates’ Court General Civil Procedure Rules 2020 (Vic)

Oaths and Affirmations Act 2018 (Vic)

Open Courts Act 2013 (Vic)

Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014 (Vic)

Public Administration Act 2004 (Vic)

Public Records Act 1973 (Vic)

Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic)

Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 (Vic)

Supreme Court Act 1986 (Vic)

Supreme Court (Chapter 1 Expert Witness Code Amendment) Rules 2016 (Vic)

Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 2015 (Vic)

Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 2025 (Vic)

Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998 (Vic)

Commonwealth

Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth)

Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth)

Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth)

Criminal Code Amendment (Deepfake Sexual Material) Bill 2024 (Cth)

Criminal Code Amendment (Deepfake Sexual Material) Act 2024 (Cth)

Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)

Privacy Act 1988 (Cth)

Privacy and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2024 (Cth)

Other Australian jurisdictions

Courts Administration Act 1993 (SA)

Crimes Amendment (Deepfake Sexual Material) Bill 2025 (NSW)

Crimes Amendment (Intimate Image and Audio Material) Bill 2025 (NSW)

Evidence Act 1995 (NSW)

Evidence Act 2001 (Tas)

Evidence Act 2011 (ACT)

Evidence Act 2025 (WA)

Evidence (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011 (NT)

Information Act 2002 (NT)

Information Act 2022 (NT)

Information Privacy Act 2009 (Qld)

Personal Information Protection Act 2004 (Tas)

Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 (NSW)

Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)

Victims Rights and Victims of Crime Commissioner Bill 2025 (NSW)

International legislation

An Act to Amend the Criminal Procedure Law and the Civil Practice Law and Rules, in Relation to the Admissibility of Evidence Created or Processed by Artificial Intelligence, N.Y. Legis. Assemb. A01338. Reg. Sess. 2025-26 (2025)

Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) (Canada)

California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018: Personal Information CA AB1008 (2024)

Contracts against Public Policy: Personal or Professional Services: Digital Replicas CA AB2602 (2024)

Decreto N.o 234: Ley de Fomento a Inteligencia Artificial y Tecnologias [Decree No. 234: Law for the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence and Technologies (English Translation)] 2025 (El Salvador)

Federal Rules of Evidence 2024 (U.S.)

Health Care Services: Artificial Intelligence CA AB3030 (2024)

Ingong Baljeongwa Shinroe Guiban Joseong Deunge Gwanhan Gibbonberban (Daean) [Basic Act (Alternative) on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and the Creation of a Trust Foundation (English Translation)] (S.Kor, Law No. 20676)

Jinkou Chinou Kanren Gijutsu No Kenkyuu Kaihatsu Oyobi Katsuyou No Suishin Nikansuru Houritsu [Act on Promotion of Research and Development and Utilization of Artificial Intelligence-Related Technologies (English Translation)] Act No. 53 of 2025 (Japan)

Ley N° 31814, Ley que promueve el uso de la inteligencia artificial en favor del desarrollo económico y social del país [Law No. 31814 Law that promotes the use of Artificial Intelligence in favor of the economic and social development of the country (English translation)] (Peru) 5 July 2023

Memorandum in Support of Legislation N.Y. Legis. Assemb. A01338. Reg. Sess. 2025-26 (2025)

PL 2338/2023 [Bill No. 2338, of 2023] (Brazil)

Proyecto de decreto por el que se expide la Ley Federal que regula la Inteligencia Artificial [Draft decree issuing the Federal Law that regulates Artificial Intelligence (English translation)] Apr 2, 2024 (Congress of the United Mexican States)

Pub. Act 103-0804 2024 (Ill)

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) [2024] OJ L 2024/1689

Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence 2025 Exec. Order No.14179, 90 FR 8741 (2025)

Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act CA SB1047 (2024)

Sexual Offences Act 2003 (UK)

Treaties

Council of Europe

Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, opened for signature 5 September 2024, CETS No. 225 <https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence>

United Nations

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, GA Res 2200A (XXI) (23 March 1976, adopted and opened for signature 16 December 1966) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights>

Other

Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 23 April 2020, 1518 (Lisa Neville, Minister for Police)